History of Colonialism in Indonesia
Portuguese period
Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allows them to undertake exploration and expansion expeditions. Beginning with an exploratory expedition sent from the newly conquered Malacca in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the now-Indonesian archipelago, and try to control the source of valuable spices and to expand the Roman Catholic missionary enterprise . The first Portuguese effort to take control of the Indonesian archipelago was to welcome the offer of cooperation from the Kingdom of Sunda.At the beginning of the 16th century, important trade ports on the north coast of Java Island were occupied by the Demak Sultanate, including two ports of the Sunda Kingdom of Banten and Cirebon. Concerned that the role of the Sunda Kelapa port is getting weaker, the king of Sunda, Sri Baduga (Prabu Siliwangi) seeks help to ensure the continuity of the main port of his empire. The choice fell to the Portuguese, the ruler of Malacca. Thus, in 1512 and 1521, Sri Baduga sent the crown prince, Surawisesa, to Malacca to ask the Portuguese to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper, and to give the right to build a fortress in Sunda Kelapa.In 1522, the Portuguese prepared to form a coalition with Sunda to gain access to profitable pepper trade. The year coincided with the completion of the world's exploration by Magellan
The commander of the Malacca fortress at the time was Jorge de Albuquerque. That same year he sent a ship, São Sebastião, under the command of Captain Enrique Leme, to the Sunda Kalapa accompanied by valuable items to be dedicated to the king of Sunda. Two written sources illustrate the end of the agreement in detail. The first is a Portuguese original document dating from 1522 which contains the treaties and signatures of witnesses, and the second is an account of the incident conveyed by João de Barros in his book "Da Asia", printed shortly before 1777-1778.According to these historical sources, the king of Sunda warmly welcomed the arrival of the Portuguese. At that time King Surawisesa had ascended the throne to replace his father and Barros called him "king of Samio". The king of Sunda agreed with a friendly treaty with the king of Portugal and decided to give the land in the mouth of Ciliwung as a place to dock Portuguese ships. In addition, the king of Sunda promised that if the construction of the fort had begun then he would donate a thousand sacks of pepper to the Portuguese. The contract document is made in duplicate, one copy for the king of Sunda and another for the king of Portugal; Both signed on August 21, 1522.In the document of agreement, the witness from the Sunda Kingdom is Padam Tumungo, Samgydepaty, e outre Benegar e easy o xabandar, the meaning is "Yang Dipertuan Tumenggung, Duke, Treasurer and Syahbandar Sunda Kelapa". Witnesses from the Portuguese side, as reported by the Porto historian João de Barros, have eight. Witnesses from the Sunda Kingdom did not sign any documents, they legalized them with customs through "salvation".
Now, one copy of this agreement is stored at the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.On the day of the signing of the agreement, some Royal Kingdom nobles with Enrique Leme and his entourage went to the land that would be the site of a fortress in the mouth of Ci Liwung. They erected an inscription, called Luso-Sundanese padrão, in what is now Tugu urban village in North Jakarta. It is the custom of the Portuguese to establish padrao when they find new land. Padrao is now stored in the National Museum of Jakarta.The Portuguese failed to fulfill its promise to return to Sunda Kalapa the following year to build a fortress due to a problem in Goa / India.This agreement prompted the attack of the Sultanate of Demak to Sunda Kelapa in 1527 and succeeded in driving the Portuguese from Sunda Kelapa on June 22, 1527. This date was later made the day of the founding of Jakarta.Failing to conquer Java, the Portuguese turned their attention eastwards to Maluku. Through military conquest and communion with local leaders, the Portuguese established trading ports, strongholds and missions in eastern Indonesia including the islands of Ternate, Ambon and Solor. However, the interest of Portuguese missionary activity occurred in the mid-16th century, after the military conquest of this archipelago stopped and their interest turned to Japan, Macao and China; And sugar in Brazil.
The Portuguese presence in Indonesia was limited to Solor, Flores and Portuguese Timor after their defeat in 1575 in Ternate, and after the Dutch conquest of Ambon, North Maluku and Banda. [4] The Portuguese influence on Indonesian culture is relatively small: a number of Portuguese clans in Portuguese descent in Tugu, North Jakarta, keroncong music, and surnames in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, Queljo, etc. In Bahasa Indonesia there are also a number of loan words from Portuguese, such as sinyo, nona, shirts, windows, soaps, cheeses, etc.
The Spanish period
Spanish sailors made it to the Maluku Islands in 1521 after a first stop in the Philippines was welcomed by the Tidore people. The Spanish nation was exploited by Tidore people to ally against the people of Ternate. So in 1534, the Saragosa agreement was issued (1534) which included a statement that the Spanish acquired a trading territory in the Philippines while the Portuguese remained in the Moluccas Islands.
The Dutch era
In the Dutch colonial era, the official name used was
Nederlandsch-Indie (Dutch East Indies), while the Japanese occupation
government 1942-1945 used the term To-Indo (East Indies).
Before the industrial revolution, the accounting profession had not been officially recognized in America or in Britain. But there are several functions in the company management that can be equated with the examination function. During the Dutch colonial period that became members of the accounting profession were the Dutch accountants and some Indonesian accountants. At that time the education that existed for the indigenous people was the formal book-giving education at school.
The Thousand Islands, located in the bay of Jakarta during Dutch colonial times, are busy waters. In 1619, when the VOC gripped the land of Java, Onrust Island, and surrounding areas, including Bidadari Island, was made a fortress ... Because the island was never deserted from the loading and unloading activities of the ship in those days. Unfortunately, the fortresses of the Thousand Islands were defeated by the British in 1800. After being rebuilt in 1840 as a base.In 1945, Malay language users other than the Republic of Indonesia were still occupied by the British. Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore are still colonized by the British. At that time, using Malay as the language of unity, it is expected in regional countries such as ... This has been done in the Japanese colonial era. Originally Indonesian was written in Latin-Roman writing following the Dutch spelling, until 1972 when the Enhanced Spell (EYD) was proclaimed.Unless Indonesia and West Papua are both part of the Dutch colonialism, these two nations do not have parallel lines or political relations throughout historical development. The future: The exclusion of the people of West Papua as the subject of problems in the Round Table Conference, the New York Agreement underlying the Act of Free Choice, the Rome Agreement and others is the government's self-determination of the right of self-determination.
Historically, the kingdom that once controlled Bangka Belitung is Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Malacca, Johor, Mataram, Banten and the Sultanate of Palembang. In addition, Bangka Belitung has also been occupied by Dutch and British colonists.Western Europe, especially Britain became the center of commerce during the industrial revolution. At that time also accounting began to grow rapidly. At the end of the 19th century, a pair of bookkeeping systems developed in the United States called ... In the Dutch colonial period, Indonesian companies used bookkeeping. Accounting is not the same as bookkeeping although the origin is the same from the bookkeeping in pairs. Accounting is very wide in scope. In the Dutch colonial period, there was an institution such as the formation of a Dutch colonial parliament called the Volksraad. On 8 March 1942 the Netherlands ended the 350-year colonial period in Indonesia.(Some news says that Indonesia is fighting continuously) (Source : link, use Google Chrome for translate)
British Age
The British government began to dominate Indonesia since 1811 the British government appointed Thomas Stamford Raffles (TSR) as Governor-General in Indonesia. When TSR came to power since September 17, 1811, it has taken several steps to consider, in the economic, social and cultural fields. The redeployment of the British-controlled territory of Indonesia was carried out in 1816 in a signing of the agreement. The British government is represented by John Fendall, while the Dutch side is represented by Van Der Cappelen. Since 1816, the end of British rule in Indonesia.
Japanese period
The period of Japanese occupation in Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on 17 August 1945 along with the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Soekarno and M. Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation.In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Dutch East Indies declared a state of alert and in July transferred exports to Japan to the US and Britain. Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing aircraft fuel supplies failed in June 1941, and Japan embarked on the conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the same month, the factions from Sumatra received Japanese aid for a revolution against the Dutch government. The last Dutch troops were defeated by Japan in March 1942.
In
July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and
to form a government that could also provide an answer against the Japanese military needs. Soekarno,
Mohammad Hatta, and Kyai were decorated by the Emperor of Japan in
1943. However, the experience of Japanese domination in Indonesia varies
greatly, depending on where one lives and the social status of that
person. For those living in areas
considered important in warfare, they are subjected to torture, sexual slavery, arbitrary detention and death penalty, and other war crimes. The Dutch and the Indonesian-Dutch mix are the targets of Japanese control
Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allows them to undertake exploration and expansion expeditions. Beginning with an exploratory expedition sent from the newly conquered Malacca in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the now-Indonesian archipelago, and try to control the source of valuable spices and to expand the Roman Catholic missionary enterprise . The first Portuguese effort to take control of the Indonesian archipelago was to welcome the offer of cooperation from the Kingdom of Sunda.At the beginning of the 16th century, important trade ports on the north coast of Java Island were occupied by the Demak Sultanate, including two ports of the Sunda Kingdom of Banten and Cirebon. Concerned that the role of the Sunda Kelapa port is getting weaker, the king of Sunda, Sri Baduga (Prabu Siliwangi) seeks help to ensure the continuity of the main port of his empire. The choice fell to the Portuguese, the ruler of Malacca. Thus, in 1512 and 1521, Sri Baduga sent the crown prince, Surawisesa, to Malacca to ask the Portuguese to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper, and to give the right to build a fortress in Sunda Kelapa.In 1522, the Portuguese prepared to form a coalition with Sunda to gain access to profitable pepper trade. The year coincided with the completion of the world's exploration by Magellan
 |
| Illustration |
The commander of the Malacca fortress at the time was Jorge de Albuquerque. That same year he sent a ship, São Sebastião, under the command of Captain Enrique Leme, to the Sunda Kalapa accompanied by valuable items to be dedicated to the king of Sunda. Two written sources illustrate the end of the agreement in detail. The first is a Portuguese original document dating from 1522 which contains the treaties and signatures of witnesses, and the second is an account of the incident conveyed by João de Barros in his book "Da Asia", printed shortly before 1777-1778.According to these historical sources, the king of Sunda warmly welcomed the arrival of the Portuguese. At that time King Surawisesa had ascended the throne to replace his father and Barros called him "king of Samio". The king of Sunda agreed with a friendly treaty with the king of Portugal and decided to give the land in the mouth of Ciliwung as a place to dock Portuguese ships. In addition, the king of Sunda promised that if the construction of the fort had begun then he would donate a thousand sacks of pepper to the Portuguese. The contract document is made in duplicate, one copy for the king of Sunda and another for the king of Portugal; Both signed on August 21, 1522.In the document of agreement, the witness from the Sunda Kingdom is Padam Tumungo, Samgydepaty, e outre Benegar e easy o xabandar, the meaning is "Yang Dipertuan Tumenggung, Duke, Treasurer and Syahbandar Sunda Kelapa". Witnesses from the Portuguese side, as reported by the Porto historian João de Barros, have eight. Witnesses from the Sunda Kingdom did not sign any documents, they legalized them with customs through "salvation".
Now, one copy of this agreement is stored at the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.On the day of the signing of the agreement, some Royal Kingdom nobles with Enrique Leme and his entourage went to the land that would be the site of a fortress in the mouth of Ci Liwung. They erected an inscription, called Luso-Sundanese padrão, in what is now Tugu urban village in North Jakarta. It is the custom of the Portuguese to establish padrao when they find new land. Padrao is now stored in the National Museum of Jakarta.The Portuguese failed to fulfill its promise to return to Sunda Kalapa the following year to build a fortress due to a problem in Goa / India.This agreement prompted the attack of the Sultanate of Demak to Sunda Kelapa in 1527 and succeeded in driving the Portuguese from Sunda Kelapa on June 22, 1527. This date was later made the day of the founding of Jakarta.Failing to conquer Java, the Portuguese turned their attention eastwards to Maluku. Through military conquest and communion with local leaders, the Portuguese established trading ports, strongholds and missions in eastern Indonesia including the islands of Ternate, Ambon and Solor. However, the interest of Portuguese missionary activity occurred in the mid-16th century, after the military conquest of this archipelago stopped and their interest turned to Japan, Macao and China; And sugar in Brazil.
The Portuguese presence in Indonesia was limited to Solor, Flores and Portuguese Timor after their defeat in 1575 in Ternate, and after the Dutch conquest of Ambon, North Maluku and Banda. [4] The Portuguese influence on Indonesian culture is relatively small: a number of Portuguese clans in Portuguese descent in Tugu, North Jakarta, keroncong music, and surnames in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, Queljo, etc. In Bahasa Indonesia there are also a number of loan words from Portuguese, such as sinyo, nona, shirts, windows, soaps, cheeses, etc.
 |
| Illustration |
The Spanish period
Spanish sailors made it to the Maluku Islands in 1521 after a first stop in the Philippines was welcomed by the Tidore people. The Spanish nation was exploited by Tidore people to ally against the people of Ternate. So in 1534, the Saragosa agreement was issued (1534) which included a statement that the Spanish acquired a trading territory in the Philippines while the Portuguese remained in the Moluccas Islands.
 |
| Illustration |
The Dutch era
 |
| KNIL (het Koninklijke Nederlands(ch)-Indische Leger) a.k.a The Royal Dutch-Indian Army |
Before the industrial revolution, the accounting profession had not been officially recognized in America or in Britain. But there are several functions in the company management that can be equated with the examination function. During the Dutch colonial period that became members of the accounting profession were the Dutch accountants and some Indonesian accountants. At that time the education that existed for the indigenous people was the formal book-giving education at school.
 |
| Dutch surrender unconditionally to Britain in the year 9 march 1942 |
The Thousand Islands, located in the bay of Jakarta during Dutch colonial times, are busy waters. In 1619, when the VOC gripped the land of Java, Onrust Island, and surrounding areas, including Bidadari Island, was made a fortress ... Because the island was never deserted from the loading and unloading activities of the ship in those days. Unfortunately, the fortresses of the Thousand Islands were defeated by the British in 1800. After being rebuilt in 1840 as a base.In 1945, Malay language users other than the Republic of Indonesia were still occupied by the British. Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore are still colonized by the British. At that time, using Malay as the language of unity, it is expected in regional countries such as ... This has been done in the Japanese colonial era. Originally Indonesian was written in Latin-Roman writing following the Dutch spelling, until 1972 when the Enhanced Spell (EYD) was proclaimed.Unless Indonesia and West Papua are both part of the Dutch colonialism, these two nations do not have parallel lines or political relations throughout historical development. The future: The exclusion of the people of West Papua as the subject of problems in the Round Table Conference, the New York Agreement underlying the Act of Free Choice, the Rome Agreement and others is the government's self-determination of the right of self-determination.
Historically, the kingdom that once controlled Bangka Belitung is Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Malacca, Johor, Mataram, Banten and the Sultanate of Palembang. In addition, Bangka Belitung has also been occupied by Dutch and British colonists.Western Europe, especially Britain became the center of commerce during the industrial revolution. At that time also accounting began to grow rapidly. At the end of the 19th century, a pair of bookkeeping systems developed in the United States called ... In the Dutch colonial period, Indonesian companies used bookkeeping. Accounting is not the same as bookkeeping although the origin is the same from the bookkeeping in pairs. Accounting is very wide in scope. In the Dutch colonial period, there was an institution such as the formation of a Dutch colonial parliament called the Volksraad. On 8 March 1942 the Netherlands ended the 350-year colonial period in Indonesia.(Some news says that Indonesia is fighting continuously) (Source : link, use Google Chrome for translate)
British Age
The British government began to dominate Indonesia since 1811 the British government appointed Thomas Stamford Raffles (TSR) as Governor-General in Indonesia. When TSR came to power since September 17, 1811, it has taken several steps to consider, in the economic, social and cultural fields. The redeployment of the British-controlled territory of Indonesia was carried out in 1816 in a signing of the agreement. The British government is represented by John Fendall, while the Dutch side is represented by Van Der Cappelen. Since 1816, the end of British rule in Indonesia.
 |
| Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles The founder of the country of Singapura and the inventor of the carcass of Rafflesia Arnoldi |
Japanese period
 |
| Japan occupied Indonesia |
The period of Japanese occupation in Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on 17 August 1945 along with the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Soekarno and M. Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation.In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Dutch East Indies declared a state of alert and in July transferred exports to Japan to the US and Britain. Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing aircraft fuel supplies failed in June 1941, and Japan embarked on the conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the same month, the factions from Sumatra received Japanese aid for a revolution against the Dutch government. The last Dutch troops were defeated by Japan in March 1942.
 |
| Japanese propaganda in Indonesia |
considered important in warfare, they are subjected to torture, sexual slavery, arbitrary detention and death penalty, and other war crimes. The Dutch and the Indonesian-Dutch mix are the targets of Japanese control
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